TOPICS
Search

Halved Cube Graph


The halved cube graph Y_n=(Q_n)_2 is the graph distance graph at distance 2 of the n-hypercube graph Q_n. Its vertex set is V(Q_n), with two vertices adjacent iff their graph distance in Q_n is exactly 2.

Y_n is the disjoint union of two isomorphic connected components on 2^(n-1) vertices, each of which is called a halved n-cube graph, half cube graph, the halved n-cube, or sometimes the n-demi-cube graph (Steinerberger 2023). The most common notation for each component is 1/2Q_n (Godsil 2004), and it is also written Q_n/2. The slash in Q_n/2 denotes restriction to one parity class, thereby halving the vertex set, not replacing the dimension n by n/2 to form the hypercube graph Q_(n/2). In the distance-2 notation of Luo et al. (2026),

 H(n,2)=1/2Q_n⊔1/2Q_n.

One copy contains the even-weight vectors and the other contains the odd-weight vectors. Steinerberger (2023) uses the notation Q_((2))^n.

The halved n-cube graph can also be defined on the even-weight vectors in {0,1}^n, where two such vectors are adjacent iff their sum has weight two (Godsil 2004), or as the 2nd graph power (i.e., the graph square) of Q_(n-1), where Q_n denotes the n-hypercube graph.

HalvedCubeGraph

Embeddings for small-order halved graphs are illustrated above and special cases are summarized in the table below.

The 5-halved cube graph is the graph complement of the Clebsch graph. It has Lovász number 8/3 (Fung 2011, p. 34). Note that Brouwer et al. (1989, pp. 104 and 224) confusingly use the term "Clebsch graph" to refer to the halved 5-cube graph instead of the folded 5-cube graph meant by other authors.

The 6-halved cube graph is a distance-regular graph with intersection array {15,6,1;1,6,15}, and therefore also a Taylor graph.

The chromatic numbers of the n-halved cube graphs for n=4, 5, ... are 4, 8, 8, 8, 8, 13 or 14, [13, 15], >=15, >=15, ... (Godsil 2004, p. 67; typos corrected). Brouwer agrees that 1/2Q_5 has chromatic number 4 and gives its independence number as 5.

Luo et al. (2026) proved that the quantum chromatic number of the n-halved cube graph is

 chi_q(1/2Q_n)=n+1

when n is a prime power satisfying n=3 (mod 4), when n=2^(t+2)-1 for a positive integer t, or when n=q^2+2q and q and q+2 are odd prime powers. In particular, chi_q(1/2Q_(11))=12 while chi(1/2Q_(11))>=15, giving a strict quantum-classical separation.

The independence numbers of the n-halved cube graphs for n=1, 2, ... are 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 8, 16, 20, 40, 72, 144, ..., where values for n=9 to 12 are from Godsil (2004, p. 67). This sequence appears identical to the error-correcting coding function A(n,4) (OEIS A005864; E. W. Weisstein, Dec. 31, 2015).

The domination numbers of n-halved cube graphs for n=1, 2, ... are 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 7, 12, ..., which agrees with OEIS A029866 for known terms (E. Weisstein, Aug. 31, 2016).


See also

16-Cell, Clebsch Graph, Error-Correcting Code, Folded Cube Graph, Graph Distance Graph, Halved Graphs, Hypercube Graph, Quantum Chromatic Number

Explore with Wolfram|Alpha

References

Brouwer, A. E. "Clebsch Graph." https://aeb.win.tue.nl/drg/graphs/Clebsch.html.Brouwer, A. E.; Cohen, A. M.; and Neumaier, A. Distance Regular Graphs. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989.DistanceRegular.org. "Halved Cubes." https://www.math.mun.ca/distanceregular/indexes/halvedcubes.html.Fung, M. "The Lovász Number of the Keller Graphs." Master's thesis. Leiden, Netherlands: Mathematisch Instituut, Universiteit Leiden, 2011.Godsil, C. "Halved Cubes" and "Chromatic Number of Halved Cubes." §6.3 and 6.4 in Interesting Graphs and Their Colourings. Unpublished manuscript, pp. 66-67, 2004.House of Graphs. Halved Cube Graphs. Singleton Graph, K2, Tetrahedron K4, Sixteen Cell Graph K2,2,2,2, Halved Hypercube 5, Halved Hypercube 6, Halved Hypercube 7, and Halved Hypercube 8.Luo, T.; Ning, Y.; and Zhang, X. "Quantum Chromatic Number of Subgraphs of Orthogonality Graphs and the Distance-2 Hamming Graph." Elec. J. Combin. 33, No. 3, P3.45, 1-20, 2026. https://doi.org/10.37236/14936.Sloane, N. J. A. Sequence A005864/M1111 in "The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences."Steinerberger, S. "Curvature on Graphs via Equilibrium Measures." J. Graph Th., 1-22, 2023.

Referenced on Wolfram|Alpha

Halved Cube Graph

Cite this as:

Weisstein, Eric W. "Halved Cube Graph." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/HalvedCubeGraph.html

Subject classifications