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The connected sum M_1#M_2 of n-manifolds M_1 and M_2 is formed by deleting the interiors of n-balls B_i^n in M_i^n and attaching the resulting punctured manifolds M_i-B^._i ...

Let X be a set and S a collection of subsets of X. A set function mu:S->[0,infty] is said to possess countable monotonicity provided that, whenever a set E in S is covered by ...

A covering map (also called a covering or projection) is a surjective open map f:X->Y that is locally a homeomorphism, meaning that each point in X has a neighborhood that is ...

Critical damping is a special case of damped simple harmonic motion x^..+betax^.+omega_0^2x=0, (1) in which D=beta^2-4omega_0^2=0, (2) where beta is the damping constant. ...

Let M(h) be the moment-generating function, then the cumulant generating function is given by K(h) = lnM(h) (1) = kappa_1h+1/(2!)h^2kappa_2+1/(3!)h^3kappa_3+..., (2) where ...

The inner and outer spheres tangent internally to a cone and also to a plane intersecting the cone are called Dandelin spheres. The spheres can be used to show that the ...

The decimal period of a repeating decimal is the number of digits that repeat. For example, 1/3=0.3^_ has decimal period one, 1/11=0.09^_ has decimal period two, and ...

Degen's eight-square identity is the incredible polynomial identity (1) found around 1818 by the Danish mathematician Ferdinand Degen (1766-1825). It was subsequently ...

A Turing machine is called deterministic if there is always at most one instruction associated with a given present internal state/tape state pair (q,s). Otherwise, it is ...

Taking the ratio x/y of two numbers x and y, also written x÷y. Here, x is called the dividend, y is called the divisor, and x/y is called a quotient. The symbol "/" is called ...