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Every module over a ring R contains a so-called "zero element" which fulfils the properties suggested by its name with respect to addition, 0+0=0, and with respect to ...

Many authors (e.g., Mendelson 1963; Pervin 1964) use the term arcwise-connected as a synonym for pathwise-connected. Other authors (e.g., Armstrong 1983; Cullen 1968; and ...

Arithmetic is the branch of mathematics dealing with integers or, more generally, numerical computation. Arithmetical operations include addition, congruence calculation, ...

The term domain has (at least) three different meanings in mathematics. The term domain is most commonly used to describe the set of values D for which a function (map, ...

Noncommutative topology is a recent program having important and deep applications in several branches of mathematics and mathematical physics. Because every commutative ...

The path covering number (or path-covering number; Slater 1972) of a graph G, variously denoted as summarized below, is the minimum number of vertex-disjoint paths that cover ...

666 is the occult "number of the beast," also called the "sign of the devil" (Wang 1994), associated in the Bible with the Antichrist. It has figured in many numerological ...

The Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind are a set of orthogonal polynomials defined as the solutions to the Chebyshev differential equation and denoted T_n(x). They are ...

The inverse tangent is the multivalued function tan^(-1)z (Zwillinger 1995, p. 465), also denoted arctanz (Abramowitz and Stegun 1972, p. 79; Harris and Stocker 1998, p. 311; ...

An irrational number is a number that cannot be expressed as a fraction p/q for any integers p and q. Irrational numbers have decimal expansions that neither terminate nor ...