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Icosahedral Graph


IcosahedralGraphEmbeddings

The icosahedral graph is the Platonic graph whose nodes have the connectivity of the regular icosahedron, as well as the great dodecahedron, great icosahedron Jessen's orthogonal icosahedron, and small stellated dodecahedron. The icosahedral graph has 12 vertices and 30 edges and is illustrated above in a number of embeddings.

IcosahedralGraphLCF

Since the icosahedral graph is regular and Hamiltonian, it has a generalized LCF notation. In fact, there are two distinct generalized LCF notations of order 6--[(-4,-3,4),(-2,2,3)]^6 and [(-4,3,4),(-3,-2,2)]^6--8 of order 2, and 17 of order 1, illustrated above.

It is implemented in the Wolfram Language as GraphData["IcosahedralGraph"].

It is a distance-regular graph with intersection array {5,2,1;1,2,5}, and therefore also a Taylor graph. It is also distance-transitive.

IcosahedralGraphGracefulLabeling

The icosahedral graph is graceful (Gardner 1983, pp. 158 and 163-164; Gallian 2018, p. 35), as shown by the labeling above which gives absolute differences of adjacent labeled vertices consisting of precisely the numbers 0-30 inclusive. There are 24 fundamentally different graceful labelings (i.e., graceful labelings that are distinct modulo subtractive complementation and the symmetries of the graph), giving a total of 5760 graceful labelings in all (Bert Dobbelaere, pers. comm., Oct. 2, 2020). The computation by Ashkok Kumar Chandra that found 5 fundamentally different solutions, as reported by Gardner (1983, pp. 163-164), therefore seems to be in error.

IcosahedralGraphMinimalIntegralDrawings

There are two minimal integral embeddings of the icosahedral graph, illustrated above, all with maximum edge length of 8 (Harborth and Möller 1994).

IcosahedralGraphMinimalPlanarIntegralDrawing

The minimal planar integral embedding of the icosahedral graph has maximum edge length of 159 (Harborth et al. 1987).

The skeletons of the great dodecahedron, great icosahedron, and small stellated dodecahedron are all isomorphic to the icosahedral graph.

Removing any edge from the icosahedral graph gives the Tilley graph.

The chromatic polynomial of the icosahedral graph is

 pi_G(z)=z(z-1)(z-2)(z-3)(z^8-24z^7+260z^6-1670z^5+6999z^4-19698z^3+36408z^2-40240z+20170),

and the chromatic number is 4.

Its graph spectrum is (-sqrt(5))^3(-1)^5(sqrt(5))^35^1 (Buekenhout and Parker 1998; Cvetkovic et al. 1998, p. 310). Its automorphism group is of order |Aut(G)|=120 (Buekenhout and Parker 1998).

IcosahedralGraphMatrices

The plots above show the adjacency, incidence, and graph distance matrices for the icosahedral graph.

The adjacency matrix for the icosahedral graph with J_(12)-I_(12) appended, where J_(12) is a unit matrix and I_(12) is an identity matrix, is a generator for the Golay code.

The following table summarizes properties of the icosahedral graph.

propertyvalue
automorphism group order120
characteristic polynomial(x-5)(x+1)^5(x^2-5)^3
chromatic number4
claw-freeyes
clique number3
determined by spectrum?
diameter3
distance-regular graphyes
dual graph namedodecahedral graph
edge chromatic number5
edge connectivity5
edge count30
Eulerianno
girth3
Hamiltonianyes
Hamiltonian cycle count2560
Hamiltonian path count?
integral graphno
independence number3
line graphno
perfect matching graphno
planaryes
polyhedral graphyes
polyhedron embedding namesgreat dodecahedron, great icosahedron, icosahedron, Jessen's orthogonal icosahedron, small stellated dodecahedron
radius3
regularyes
spectrum(-sqrt(5))^3(-1)^5(sqrt(5))^35^1
square-freeno
traceableyes
triangle-freeno
vertex connectivity5
vertex count12
weakly regular parameters(12,(5),(2),(0,2))

See also

Cubical Graph, Dodecahedral Graph, Octahedral Graph, Platonic Graph, Tetrahedral Graph, Tilley Graph

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References

Bondy, J. A. and Murty, U. S. R. Graph Theory with Applications. New York: North Holland, p. 234, 1976.Buekenhout, F. and Parker, M. "The Number of Nets of the Regular Convex Polytopes in Dimension <=4." Disc. Math. 186, 69-94, 1998.Cvetković, D. M.; Doob, M.; and Sachs, H. Spectra of Graphs: Theory and Applications, 3rd rev. enl. ed. New York: Wiley, 1998.DistanceRegular.org. "Icosahedron." http://www.distanceregular.org/graphs/icosahedron.html.Gallian, J. "Dynamic Survey of Graph Labeling." Elec. J. Combin. DS6. Dec. 21, 2018. https://www.combinatorics.org/ojs/index.php/eljc/article/view/DS6.Gardner, M. "Golomb's Graceful Graphs." Ch. 15 in Wheels, Life, and Other Mathematical Amusements. New York: W. H. Freeman, pp. 152-165, 1983.Godsil, C. and Royle, G. Algebraic Graph Theory. New York: Springer-Verlag, p. 127, 2001.Harborth, H. and Möller, M. "Minimum Integral Drawings of the Platonic Graphs." Math. Mag. 67, 355-358, 1994.Harborth, H.; Kemnitz, A.; Möller, M.; and Süssenbach, A. "Ganzzahlige planare Darstellungen der platonischen Körper." Elem. Math. 42, 118-122, 1987.Read, R. C. and Wilson, R. J. An Atlas of Graphs. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, p. 266, 1998.

Cite this as:

Weisstein, Eric W. "Icosahedral Graph." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/IcosahedralGraph.html

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