Hermitian Matrix

A Hermitian matrix is a square matrix that is self-adjoint. Therefore, a Hermitian matrix is defined as one for which

(1)

where denotes the conjugate transpose. This is equivalent to the condition

(2)

where denotes the complex conjugate. As a result of this definition, the diagonal elements of a Hermitian matrix are real numbers (since ), while other elements may be complex.

Examples of Hermitian matrices include

(3)

and the Pauli matrices

			(4)
			(5)
			(6)

Examples of Hermitian matrices include

(7)

An integer or real matrix is Hermitian iff it is symmetric.

A matrix can be tested to see if it is Hermitian in the Wolfram Language using HermitianMatrixQ[m].

Hermitian matrices have real eigenvalues whose eigenvectors form an orthonormal basis. For real matrices, Hermitian is the same as symmetric.

Any matrix which is not Hermitian can be expressed as the sum of a Hermitian matrix and a antihermitian matrix using

(8)

Let be a unitary matrix and be a Hermitian matrix. Then the conjugate transpose of a similarity transformation is

			(9)
			(10)
			(11)
			(12)
			(13)

The specific matrix

			(14)
			(15)

where are Pauli matrices, is sometimes called "the" Hermitian matrix.