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Hamilton-Laceable Graph


A connected bipartite graph is called Hamilton-laceable, a term apparently introduced in Simmons (1978), if it has a u-v Hamiltonian path for all pairs of vertices u and v, where u belongs to one set of the bipartition, and v to the other.

A bipartite graph whose detour matrix elements (Delta)_(i,j) are maximal for all i and j corresponding to different elements of the vertex bipartition is therefore Hamilton-laceable.

HamiltonLaceableGraphs

Including the singleton graph (which is generally considered both traceable and bipartite), the numbers of Hamilton-laceable graphs on n=1, 2, ... vertices are 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 12, 0, 226, 0, ... (OEIS A236219), the first few of which are illustrated above.

Since a Hamiltonian path from one vertex in one set of the bipartition to a vertex in the other set must contain an odd number of edges (i.e., edge endpoints alternate between bipartition components), the number of vertices in a Hamilton-laceable graph must be even (with the exception of the degenerate case K_1). With the exception of P_2, Hamilton-laceable graphs are also Hamiltonian since one can always find two vertices u and v from different components that contain an edge uv, the definition of Hamilton-laceable requires that a Hamiltonian path exists starting at u and ending at v, and uv connects the ends of this path into a Hamiltonian cycle.

HamiltonUnlaceableLadder

Not all even-vertex count, bipartite, Hamiltonian graphs are Hamilton-laceable. For example, the domino graph P_2 square P_3 has 6 vertices and is Hamiltonian and bipartite but contains no Hamiltonian path connecting the vertices of the middle rung (which lie in separate components of the bipartition). The numbers of such graphs on n=2, 4, ... nodes are 0, 0, 2, 12, 253, ....

Dupuis and Wagon (2015) conjectured that all bipartite Hamiltonian vertex-transitive graphs are Hamilton-laceable except for even cycle graphs C_n with n>=6 (Dupuis and Wagon 2015, Gregor et al. 2024). A slightly more general and precise statement of this conjecture can be made in terms of H*-connected graphs.

Assuming m<=n, the grid graph G_(m,n) is Hamilton-laceable iff (m,n) in {(1,1),(1,2),(2,2)} or at least one of m,n is even and m>=4. A grid graph in three or more dimensions is hamilton-laceable iff it has at least one even index (Simmons 1978).

All hypercube graphs are Hamilton-laceable, a result that follows from results of Chen and Quimpo (1981).

Baggett and Yan (2026) proved that the complete transposition graph CT_n is paired 2-disjoint-path-coverable and therefore Hamilton-laceable.

Shi and Niu (2009) conjectured that every complete transposition graph has a Hamilton decomposition when its degree is even and a quasi-Hamilton decomposition when its degree is odd. This conjecture remains open; Hamilton-laceability does not provide the required edge decomposition.

The m×n knight graph is Hamilton-laceable iff m>=6, n>=6, and at least one of m, n is even (Dupuis and Wagon 2015).

Pensaert (2002) conjectured that for n>3k with k>2, the generalized Petersen graph GP(n,k) is Hamilton-laceable if n is even and k is odd, and Hamilton-connected otherwise.

A collection of common graphs can be checked precomputed values in the Wolfram Language using GraphData[g, "HamiltonLaceable"].


See also

Detour Matrix, H*-Connected Graph, Hamilton-Connected Graph, Hamilton Decomposable Graph, Hamiltonian Graph

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References

Baggett, J. S. and Yan, H. "Interchange Graphs of (0,1)-Matrices Are Maximally Hamiltonian." 14 Jul 2026. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.13165.Chen, C. C. and Quimpo, N. F. "On Strongly Hamiltonian Abelian Group Graphs." In Combinatorial Mathematics. VIII. Proceedings of the Eighth Australian Conference Held at Deakin University, Geelong, August 25-29, 1980 (Ed. K. L. McAvaney). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 23-34, 1981.Dupuis, M. and Wagon, S. "Laceable Knights." Ars Math. Contemp. 9, 115-124, 2015.Gregor, P.; Hoang, H. P.; Merino, A.; and Mička, O. "Generating All Invertible Matrices by Row Operations." 3 May 2024. https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.01863.Pensaert, W. P. J. "Hamilton Paths in Generalized Petersen Graphs." Thesis. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. January 2002. https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/1198.Shi, H.-Z. and Niu, P.-F. "Hamiltonian Decomposition of Some Interconnection Networks." In Combinatorial Optimization and Applications (COCOA 2009) (Ed. D.-Z. Du, X. Hu, and P. M. Pardalos). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 5573. Berlin: Springer, pp. 231-237, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02026-1_21.Simmons, G. J. "Almost All n-Dimensional Rectangular Lattices Are Hamilton-Laceable." In Proceedings of the Ninth Southeastern Conference on Combinatorics, Graph Theory, and Computing (Florida Atlantic Univ., Boca Raton, Fla., 1978) (Ed. F. Hoffman, D. McCarthy, R. C. Mullin, and R. G. Stanton). Winnipeg, Manitoba: Utilitas Mathematica Publishing, pp. 649-661, 1978.Sloane, N. J. A. Sequence A236219 in "The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences."

Referenced on Wolfram|Alpha

Hamilton-Laceable Graph

Cite this as:

Weisstein, Eric W. "Hamilton-Laceable Graph." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Hamilton-LaceableGraph.html

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