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A Vandermonde matrix is a type of matrix that arises in the polynomial least squares fitting, Lagrange interpolating polynomials (Hoffman and Kunze p. 114), and the ...

A vector basis of a vector space V is defined as a subset v_1,...,v_n of vectors in V that are linearly independent and span V. Consequently, if (v_1,v_2,...,v_n) is a list ...

A vector space V is a set that is closed under finite vector addition and scalar multiplication. The basic example is n-dimensional Euclidean space R^n, where every element ...

The idea of a velocity vector comes from classical physics. By representing the position and motion of a single particle using vectors, the equations for motion are simpler ...

The vertical line test is a graphical method of determining whether a curve in the plane represents the graph of a function by visually examining the number of intersections ...

Let s_i be the sum of the products of distinct polynomial roots r_j of the polynomial equation of degree n a_nx^n+a_(n-1)x^(n-1)+...+a_1x+a_0=0, (1) where the roots are taken ...

Four circles may be drawn through an arbitrary point P on a torus. The first two circles are obvious: one is in the plane of the torus and the second perpendicular to it. The ...

As defined by Gray (1997, p. 201), Viviani's curve, sometimes also called Viviani's window, is the space curve giving the intersection of the cylinder of radius a and center ...

Voronin (1975) proved the remarkable analytical property of the Riemann zeta function zeta(s) that, roughly speaking, any nonvanishing analytic function can be approximated ...

The simple process of voting leads to surprisingly counterintuitive paradoxes. For example, if three people vote for three candidates, giving the rankings A, B, C; B, C, A; ...