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A Gaussian quadrature-like formula for numerical estimation of integrals. It uses weighting function W(x)=1 in the interval [-1,1] and forces all the weights to be equal. The ...

Several different types of checkerboards are used in different variants of the game of checkers. The usual checkerboard is the one used in so-called "pool checkers," also ...

The chi distribution with n degrees of freedom is the distribution followed by the square root of a chi-squared random variable. For n=1, the chi distribution is a ...

The pedal curve of a unit circle with parametric equation x = cost (1) y = sint (2) with pedal point (x,y) is x_p = cost-ycostsint+xsin^2t (3) y_p = ...

A circular sector is a wedge obtained by taking a portion of a disk with central angle theta<pi radians (180 degrees), illustrated above as the shaded region. A sector with ...

The circumsphere of given set of points, commonly the vertices of a solid, is a sphere that passes through all the points. A circumsphere does not always exist, but when it ...

The downward Clenshaw recurrence formula evaluates a sum of products of indexed coefficients by functions which obey a recurrence relation. If f(x)=sum_(k=0)^Nc_kF_k(x) (1) ...

Let A^~, B^~, ... be operators. Then the commutator of A^~ and B^~ is defined as [A^~,B^~]=A^~B^~-B^~A^~. (1) Let a, b, ... be constants, then identities include [f(x),x] = 0 ...

A computation is an operation that begins with some initial conditions and gives an output which follows from a definite set of rules. The most common example are ...

In machine learning theory and artificial intelligence, a concept c over a domain X is a Boolean function c:X->{0,1}. A collection of concepts is called a concept class. In ...