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T-integration, which stands for "tunable numerical integration," is a fast, accurate, and numerically stable numerical integration formula given by ...

Rather surprisingly, trigonometric functions of npi/17 for n an integer can be expressed in terms of sums, products, and finite root extractions because 17 is a Fermat prime. ...

A knot property, also called the twist number, defined as the sum of crossings p of a link L, w(L)=sum_(p in C(L))epsilon(p), (1) where epsilon(p) defined to be +/-1 if the ...

Archimedes' cattle problem, also called the bovinum problema, or Archimedes' reverse, is stated as follows: "The sun god had a herd of cattle consisting of bulls and cows, ...

The bivariate normal distribution is the statistical distribution with probability density function P(x_1,x_2)=1/(2pisigma_1sigma_2sqrt(1-rho^2))exp[-z/(2(1-rho^2))], (1) ...

The term "cylinder" has a number of related meanings. In its most general usage, the word "cylinder" refers to a solid bounded by a closed generalized cylinder (a.k.a. ...

Define a cell in R^1 as an open interval or a point. A cell in R^(k+1) then has one of two forms, {(x,y):x in C, and f(x)<y<g(x)} (1) or {(x,y):x in C, and y=f(x)}, (2) where ...

The dimension of an object is a topological measure of the size of its covering properties. Roughly speaking, it is the number of coordinates needed to specify a point on the ...

The fast Fourier transform (FFT) is a discrete Fourier transform algorithm which reduces the number of computations needed for N points from 2N^2 to 2NlgN, where lg is the ...

A matrix whose elements may contain complex numbers. The matrix product of two 2×2 complex matrices is given by (1) where R_(11) = ...