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Given an n-dimensional vector x=[x_1; x_2; |; x_n], (1) a general vector norm |x|, sometimes written with a double bar as ||x||, is a nonnegative norm defined such that 1. ...

An ascending chain of subspaces of a vector space. If V is an n-dimensional vector space, a flag of V is a filtration V_0 subset V_1 subset ... subset V_r, (1) where all ...

An ordered vector basisv_1,...,v_n for a finite-dimensional vector space V defines an orientation. Another basis w_i=Av_i gives the same orientation if the matrix A has a ...

Given a topological vector space X and a neighborhood V of 0 in X, the polar K=K(V) of V is defined to be the set K(V)={Lambda in X^*:|Lambdax|<=1 for every x in V} and where ...

If W is a k-dimensional subspace of a vector space V with inner product <,>, then it is possible to project vectors from V to W. The most familiar projection is when W is the ...

The vector triple product identity is also known as the BAC-CAB identity, and can be written in the form Ax(BxC) = B(A·C)-C(A·B) (1) (AxB)xC = -Cx(AxB) (2) = -A(B·C)+B(A·C). ...

The versine, also known as the "versed sine," is a little-used trigonometric function defined by versin(z) = 2sin^2(1/2z) (1) = 1-cosz, (2) where sinz is the sine and cosz is ...

The contraction of a pair of vertices v_i and v_j of a graph, also called vertex identification, is the operation that produces a graph in which the two nodes v_1 and v_2 are ...

A convex polyhedron is defined as the set of solutions to a system of linear inequalities mx<=b (i.e., a matrix inequality), where m is a real s×d matrix and b is a real ...

The vertex figure at a vertex V of a polygon is the line segment joining the midpoints of the two adjacent sides meeting at V. For a regular n-gon with side length a, the ...