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The homotopy groups generalize the fundamental group to maps from higher dimensional spheres, instead of from the circle. The nth homotopy group of a topological space X is ...

Given a commutative ring R, an R-algebra H is a Hopf algebra if it has additional structure given by R-algebra homomorphisms Delta:H->H tensor _RH (1) (comultiplication) and ...

An injective module is the dual notion to the projective module. A module M over a unit ring R is called injective iff whenever M is contained as a submodule in a module N, ...

The Jacobian conjecture in the plane, first stated by Keller (1939), states that given a ring map F of C[x,y] (the polynomial ring in two variables over the complex numbers ...

The Lagrange interpolating polynomial is the polynomial P(x) of degree <=(n-1) that passes through the n points (x_1,y_1=f(x_1)), (x_2,y_2=f(x_2)), ..., (x_n,y_n=f(x_n)), and ...

Landau's function g(n) is the maximum order of an element in the symmetric group S_n. The value g(n) is given by the largest least common multiple of all partitions of the ...

A function that arises in performance analysis of partially coherent, differentially coherent, and noncoherent communications. The generalized Marcum Q-function is defined by ...

The Monty Hall problem is named for its similarity to the Let's Make a Deal television game show hosted by Monty Hall. The problem is stated as follows. Assume that a room is ...

A noncayley graph is a graph which is not a Cayley graph. All graphs that are not vertex-transitive are noncayley graphs. However, some vertex-transitive graph are noncayley. ...

A normalized form of the cumulative normal distribution function giving the probability that a variate assumes a value in the range [0,x], ...