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A mathematical object S is said to be multiplicatively closed if a,b in S implies that ab in S.

A normalized form of the cumulative normal distribution function giving the probability that a variate assumes a value in the range [0,x], ...

A prime field is a finite field GF(p) for p is prime.

The word quadrature has (at least) three incompatible meanings. Integration by quadrature either means solving an integral analytically (i.e., symbolically in terms of known ...

The Riemann-Siegel formula is a formula discovered (but not published) by Riemann for computing an asymptotic formula for the Riemann-Siegel function theta(t). The formula ...

A point at which two noncrossing branches of a curve meet with different tangents.

The probability that a statistical test will be positive for a true statistic.

The sinc function sinc(x), also called the "sampling function," is a function that arises frequently in signal processing and the theory of Fourier transforms. The full name ...

Stirling's approximation gives an approximate value for the factorial function n! or the gamma function Gamma(n) for n>>1. The approximation can most simply be derived for n ...

A tree which is not rooted, i.e., a normal tree with no node singled out for special treatment (Skiena 1990, p. 107). Free trees are sometimes known instead as unrooted trees ...