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Given a number n, Fermat's factorization methods look for integers x and y such that n=x^2-y^2. Then n=(x-y)(x+y) (1) and n is factored. A modified form of this observation ...

Given a first-order ordinary differential equation (dy)/(dx)=F(x,y), (1) if F(x,y) can be expressed using separation of variables as F(x,y)=X(x)Y(y), (2) then the equation ...

The fish curve is a term coined in this work for the ellipse negative pedal curve with pedal point at the focus for the special case of the eccentricity e^2=1/2. For an ...

A plane curve proposed by Descartes to challenge Fermat's extremum-finding techniques. In parametric form, x = (3at)/(1+t^3) (1) y = (3at^2)/(1+t^3). (2) The curve has a ...

Denote the nth derivative D^n and the n-fold integral D^(-n). Then D^(-1)f(t)=int_0^tf(xi)dxi. (1) Now, if the equation D^(-n)f(t)=1/((n-1)!)int_0^t(t-xi)^(n-1)f(xi)dxi (2) ...

There are a number of slightly different definitions of the Fresnel integrals. In physics, the Fresnel integrals denoted C(u) and S(u) are most often defined by C(u)+iS(u) = ...

An extension of two-valued logic such that statements need not be true or false, but may have a degree of truth between 0 and 1. Such a system can be extremely useful in ...

In 1757, V. Riccati first recorded the generalizations of the hyperbolic functions defined by F_(n,r)^alpha(x)=sum_(k=0)^infty(alpha^k)/((nk+r)!)x^(nk+r), (1) for r=0, ..., ...

Ore (1962) noted that not only does a tree possesses a unique shortest path between any two vertices, but that there also exist also other connected graphs having the same ...

The geometric mean of a sequence {a_i}_(i=1)^n is defined by G(a_1,...,a_n)=(product_(i=1)^na_i)^(1/n). (1) Thus, G(a_1,a_2) = sqrt(a_1a_2) (2) G(a_1,a_2,a_3) = ...