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In two dimensions, there are two periodic circle packings for identical circles: square lattice and hexagonal lattice. In 1940, Fejes Tóth proved that the hexagonal lattice ...

The icosahedral graph is the Platonic graph whose nodes have the connectivity of the regular icosahedron, as well as the great dodecahedron, great icosahedron Jessen's ...

An integral of the form intf(z)dz, (1) i.e., without upper and lower limits, also called an antiderivative. The first fundamental theorem of calculus allows definite ...

The (upper) vertex independence number of a graph, often called simply "the" independence number, is the cardinality of the largest independent vertex set, i.e., the size of ...

An independent vertex set of a graph G is a subset of the vertices such that no two vertices in the subset represent an edge of G. The figure above shows independent sets ...

The term "integral" can refer to a number of different concepts in mathematics. The most common meaning is the the fundamenetal object of calculus corresponding to summing ...

The inverse tangent is the multivalued function tan^(-1)z (Zwillinger 1995, p. 465), also denoted arctanz (Abramowitz and Stegun 1972, p. 79; Harris and Stocker 1998, p. 311; ...

The Jacobi elliptic functions are standard forms of elliptic functions. The three basic functions are denoted cn(u,k), dn(u,k), and sn(u,k), where k is known as the elliptic ...

A Keith number is an n-digit integer N>9 such that if a Fibonacci-like sequence (in which each term in the sequence is the sum of the n previous terms) is formed with the ...

Let x=[a_0;a_1,...]=a_0+1/(a_1+1/(a_2+1/(a_3+...))) (1) be the simple continued fraction of a "generic" real number x, where the numbers a_i are the partial denominator. ...