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Erdős and Heilbronn (Erdős and Graham 1980) posed the problem of estimating from below the number of sums a+b where a in A and b in B range over given sets A,B subset= Z/pZ ...

For a field K with multiplicative identity 1, consider the numbers 2=1+1, 3=1+1+1, 4=1+1+1+1, etc. Either these numbers are all different, in which case we say that K has ...

A number given by the generating function (2t)/(e^t+1)=sum_(n=1)^inftyG_n(t^n)/(n!). (1) It satisfies G_1=1, G_3=G_5=G_7=...=0, and even coefficients are given by G_(2n) = ...

A global field is either a number field, a function field on an algebraic curve, or an extension of transcendence degree one over a finite field. From a modern point of view, ...

The greatest common divisor, sometimes also called the highest common divisor (Hardy and Wright 1979, p. 20), of two positive integers a and b is the largest divisor common ...

An integer n>1 is said to be highly cototient if the equation x-phi(x)=n has more solutions than the equations x-phi(x)=k for all 1<k<n, where phi is the totient function. ...

A Lehmer number is a number generated by a generalization of a Lucas sequence. Let alpha and beta be complex numbers with alpha+beta = sqrt(R) (1) alphabeta = Q, (2) where Q ...

There are several different definition of link. In knot theory, a link is one or more disjointly embedded circles in three-space. More informally, a link is an assembly of ...

A number theoretic character, also called a Dirichlet character (because Dirichlet first introduced them in his famous proof that every arithmetic progression with relatively ...

A quotient ring (also called a residue-class ring) is a ring that is the quotient of a ring A and one of its ideals a, denoted A/a. For example, when the ring A is Z (the ...