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When p is a prime number, then a p-group is a group, all of whose elements have order some power of p. For a finite group, the equivalent definition is that the number of ...

In the usual diagram of inclusion homomorphisms, if the upper two maps are injective, then so are the other two. More formally, consider a space X which is expressible as the ...

For |z|<1, product_(k=1)^infty(1+z^k)=product_(k=1)^infty(1-z^(2k-1))^(-1). (1) Both of these have closed form representation 1/2(-1;z)_infty, (2) where (a;q)_infty is a ...

The matrix decomposition of a square matrix A into so-called eigenvalues and eigenvectors is an extremely important one. This decomposition generally goes under the name ...

The most general form of Lagrange's group theorem, also known as Lagrange's lemma, states that for a group G, a subgroup H of G, and a subgroup K of H, (G:K)=(G:H)(H:K), ...

A Lyapunov function is a scalar function V(y) defined on a region D that is continuous, positive definite, V(y)>0 for all y!=0), and has continuous first-order partial ...

A permutation group is a finite group G whose elements are permutations of a given set and whose group operation is composition of permutations in G. Permutation groups have ...

A stacked (or generalized) prism graph Y_(m,n) is a simple graph given by the graph Cartesian product Y_(m,n)=C_m square P_n (Gallian 2007) for positive integers m,n with ...

Circumscribe a triangle about a circle, another circle around the triangle, a square outside the circle, another circle outside the square, and so on. The circumradius and ...

A projection matrix P is an n×n square matrix that gives a vector space projection from R^n to a subspace W. The columns of P are the projections of the standard basis ...