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The genus gamma(G) of a graph G is the minimum number of handles that must be added to the plane to embed the graph without any crossings. A graph with genus 0 is embeddable ...

The greatest common divisor, sometimes also called the highest common divisor (Hardy and Wright 1979, p. 20), of two positive integers a and b is the largest divisor common ...

An integral of the form intf(z)dz, (1) i.e., without upper and lower limits, also called an antiderivative. The first fundamental theorem of calculus allows definite ...

The inverse tangent is the multivalued function tan^(-1)z (Zwillinger 1995, p. 465), also denoted arctanz (Abramowitz and Stegun 1972, p. 79; Harris and Stocker 1998, p. 311; ...

An n×n Latin square is a Latin rectangle with k=n. Specifically, a Latin square consists of n sets of the numbers 1 to n arranged in such a way that no orthogonal (row or ...

A mathematical procedure for finding the best-fitting curve to a given set of points by minimizing the sum of the squares of the offsets ("the residuals") of the points from ...

A normal distribution in a variate X with mean mu and variance sigma^2 is a statistic distribution with probability density function ...

The m×n queen graph Q_(m,n) is a graph with mn vertices in which each vertex represents a square in an m×n chessboard, and each edge corresponds to a legal move by a queen. ...

Salem constants, sometimes also called Salem numbers, are a set of numbers of which each point of a Pisot number is a limit point from both sides (Salem 1945). The Salem ...

A k-regular simple graph G on nu nodes is strongly k-regular if there exist positive integers k, lambda, and mu such that every vertex has k neighbors (i.e., the graph is a ...