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Stirling's approximation gives an approximate value for the factorial function n! or the gamma function Gamma(n) for n>>1. The approximation can most simply be derived for n ...

The classic treatise in geometry written by Euclid and used as a textbook for more than 1000 years in western Europe. An Arabic version The Elements appears at the end of the ...

Let lim stand for the limit lim_(x->c), lim_(x->c^-), lim_(x->c^+), lim_(x->infty), or lim_(x->-infty), and suppose that lim f(x) and lim g(x) are both zero or are both ...

The inverse of a square matrix A, sometimes called a reciprocal matrix, is a matrix A^(-1) such that AA^(-1)=I, (1) where I is the identity matrix. Courant and Hilbert (1989, ...

The term multigraph refers to a graph in which multiple edges between nodes are either permitted (Harary 1994, p. 10; Gross and Yellen 1999, p. 4) or required (Skiena 1990, ...

For a single variate X having a distribution P(x) with known population mean mu, the population variance var(X), commonly also written sigma^2, is defined as ...

The absolute moment of M_n of a probability function P(x) taken about a point a is defined by M_n=int|x-a|^nP(x)dx.

An addition chain for a number n is a sequence 1=a_0<a_1<...<a_r=n, such that each member after a_0 is the sum of two earlier (not necessarily distinct) ones. The number r is ...

"Aggregate" is an archaic word for infinite sets such as those considered by Georg Cantor. The term is sometimes also used to refer to a finite or infinite set in which ...

The field F^_ is called an algebraic closure of F if F^_ is algebraic over F and if every polynomial f(x) in F[x] splits completely over F^_, so that F^_ can be said to ...