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A linear real-valued function omega^1 of vectors v such that omega^1(v)|->R. Vectors (i.e., contravariant vectors or "kets" |psi>) and one-forms (i.e., covariant vectors or ...

The constant ratio by which all distances are increased (or decreased) in a similarity. A similarity with ratio of magnification equal to 1 is called an isometry.

Increasing a plane figure's linear dimensions by a scale factor s increases the perimeter p^'->sp and the area A^'->s^2A.

The set of rules for manipulating and calculating with tensors.

The trace of a second-tensor rank tensor T is a scalar given by the contracted mixed tensor equal to T_i^i. The trace satisfies ...

Cantellation, also known as (polyhedron) expansion (Stott 1910, not to be confused with general geometric expansion) is the process of radially displacing the edges or faces ...

In algebraic topology, the Reidemeister torsion is a notion originally introduced as a topological invariant of 3-manifolds which has now been widely adapted to a variety of ...

A canonical labeling, also called a canonical form, of a graph G is a graph G^' which is isomorphic to G and which represents the whole isomorphism class of G (Piperno 2011). ...

The Faulkner-Younger graphs (Faulkner and Younger 1974) are the cubic polyhedral nonhamiltonian graphs on 42 and 44 vertices illustrated above that are counterexamples to ...

The extension of a, an ideal in commutative ring A, in a ring B, is the ideal generated by its image f(a) under a ring homomorphism f. Explicitly, it is any finite sum of the ...