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A base-b BBP-type formula is a convergent series formula of the type alpha=sum_(k=0)^infty(p(k))/(b^kq(k)) (1) where p(k) and q(k) are integer polynomials in k (Bailey 2000; ...

A busy beaver is an n-state, 2-color Turing machine which writes a maximum number Sigma(n) of 1s before halting (Rado 1962; Lin and Rado 1965; Shallit 1998). Alternatively, ...

"The" butterfly graph is a name sometimes given to the 5-vertex graph illustrated above. This graph is also known as the "bowtie graph" (West 2000, p. 12) and is the ...

A finite group G has a finite number of conjugacy classes and a finite number of distinct irreducible representations. The group character of a group representation is ...

Christoffel symbols of the second kind are the second type of tensor-like object derived from a Riemannian metric g which is used to study the geometry of the metric. ...

A special function which is given by the logarithmic derivative of the gamma function (or, depending on the definition, the logarithmic derivative of the factorial). Because ...

A division algebra, also called a "division ring" or "skew field," is a ring in which every nonzero element has a multiplicative inverse, but multiplication is not ...

A double sum is a series having terms depending on two indices, sum_(i,j)b_(ij). (1) A finite double series can be written as a product of series ...

An error-correcting code is an algorithm for expressing a sequence of numbers such that any errors which are introduced can be detected and corrected (within certain ...

A finite field is a field with a finite field order (i.e., number of elements), also called a Galois field. The order of a finite field is always a prime or a power of a ...