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A symbol used to distinguish one quantity x^' ("x prime") from another related x. Prime marks are most commonly used to denote 1. Transformed coordinates, 2. Conjugate ...

The maximum and minimum of the normal curvature kappa_1 and kappa_2 at a given point on a surface are called the principal curvatures. The principal curvatures measure the ...

The projective plane crossing number of a graph is the minimal number of crossings with which the graph can be drawn on the real projective plane. A graph with projective ...

The Prosthaphaeresis formulas, also known as Simpson's formulas, are trigonometry formulas that convert a product of functions into a sum or difference. They are given by ...

A typical vector (i.e., a vector such as the radius vector r) is transformed to its negative under inversion of its coordinate axes. Such "proper" vectors are known as polar ...

For a cyclic quadrilateral, the sum of the products of the two pairs of opposite sides equals the product of the diagonals AB×CD+BC×DA=AC×BD (1) (Kimberling 1998, p. 223). ...

A Pythagorean quadruple is a set of positive integers a, b, c, and d that satisfy a^2+b^2+c^2=d^2. (1) For positive even a and b, there exist such integers c and d; for ...

The quadratrix was discovered by Hippias of Elias in 430 BC, and later studied by Dinostratus in 350 BC (MacTutor Archive). It can be used for angle trisection or, more ...

The quadrifolium is the 4-petalled rose curve having n=2. It has polar equation r=asin(2theta) (1) and Cartesian equation (x^2+y^2)^3=4a^2x^2y^2. (2) The area of the ...

A random variable is a measurable function from a probability space (S,S,P) into a measurable space (S^',S^') known as the state space (Doob 1996). Papoulis (1984, p. 88) ...