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Let X be a set and S a collection of subsets of X. A set function mu:S->[0,infty] is said to possess finite monotonicity provided that, whenever a set E in S is covered by a ...

Let Q(x) be a real or complex piecewise-continuous function defined for all values of the real variable x and that is periodic with minimum period pi so that Q(x+pi)=Q(x). ...

An integral equation of the form phi(x)=f(x)+lambdaint_(-infty)^inftyK(x,t)phi(t)dt (1) phi(x)=1/(sqrt(2pi))int_(-infty)^infty(F(t)e^(-ixt)dt)/(1-sqrt(2pi)lambdaK(t)). (2) ...

A strophoid of a circle with the pole O at the center of the circle and the fixed point P on the circumference of the circle. Freeth (1878, pp. 130 and 228) described this ...

Let p>3 be a prime number, then 4(x^p-y^p)/(x-y)=R^2(x,y)-(-1)^((p-1)/2)pS^2(x,y), where R(x,y) and S(x,y) are homogeneous polynomials in x and y with integer coefficients. ...

The golden angle is the angle that divides a full angle in a golden ratio (but measured in the opposite direction so that it measures less than 180 degrees), i.e., GA = ...

The Hadamard product is a representation for the Riemann zeta function zeta(s) as a product over its nontrivial zeros rho, ...

The half-normal distribution is a normal distribution with mean 0 and parameter theta limited to the domain x in [0,infty). It has probability and distribution functions ...

An apodization function, also called the Hann function, frequently used to reduce leakage in discrete Fourier transforms. The illustrations above show the Hanning function, ...

On the surface of a sphere, attempt separation of variables in spherical coordinates by writing F(theta,phi)=Theta(theta)Phi(phi), (1) then the Helmholtz differential ...