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Supergolden Ratio


The supergolden ratio psi is the name given to the unique (and positive) real root psi of the cubic equation

 x^3=x^2+1.
(1)

Its name derives from the fact that it is defined analogously the the usual golden ratio phi, but using the above cubic equation instead of the quadratic equation

 x^2=x+1
(2)

that defines phi.

The supergolden ratio can be written in closed form as

psi=1/3(1+RadicalBox[{{1, /, 2}, {(, {29, -, 3, {sqrt(, 93, )}}, )}}, 3]+RadicalBox[{{1, /, 2}, {(, {29, +, 3, {sqrt(, 93, )}}, )}}, 3])
(3)
=(sqrt(3))/2csch(1/3sinh^(-1)((3sqrt(3))/2))
(4)
=2/3cos(1/3cos^(-1)((29)/2))+1/3
(5)

and has numeric value

 psi=1.4655712318...
(6)

(OEIS A092526).

It has simple continued fraction [1; 2, 6, 1, 3, 5, 4, 22, 1, 1, 4, 1, ...] (OEIS A369346) and convergents 1, 3/2, 19/13, 22/15, 85/58, 447/305, 1873/1278, ... (OEIS A381124 and A381125).

The supergolden ratio is the fourth smallest Pisot number as well as the limiting value of the ratio of successive terms in the Narayana cow sequence.

The supergolden ratio equals the following infinite sums of powers of itself:

psi=sum_(n=0)^(infty)psi^(-3n)
(7)
psi^2=2sum_(n=0)^(infty)psi^(-7n).
(8)

Additionally, the sum of the zeroth through seventh negative powers is given by

 sum_(k=0)^7psi^(-k)=3.
(9)

The nth power of psi can also be expressed as sums of smaller powers of psi, for example

psi^n=psi^(n-1)+psi^(n-3)
(10)
=psi^(n-2)+psi^(n-3)+psi^(n-4)
(11)
=psi^(n-2)+2psi^(n-4)+psi^(n-6).
(12)

The supergolden ratio appears as lambda_1(3) in Table 2 of Ferguson (1976) and as beta_2 in the series of constants defined as the unique root of x^(n+1)-x^n-1 contained in the open interval (1,2) (Baker 2017).

psi has a reciprocal proportion triangle which may be termed the supergolden triangle. Surprisingly, the largest angle of this triangle is equal to exactly 120 degrees.

A special value of the Dedekind eta function with tau=(1+isqrt(31))/2 is given by

 (e^(pii/24)eta(tau))/(sqrt(2)eta(2tau))=psi.
(13)

This is related to almost integer values

 psi^(11)=67.000222...
(14)

and

 (sqrt(2)psi)^(24)-e^(pisqrt(31))=24.000006988....
(15)

See also

Golden Ratio, Narayana Cow Sequence, Pisot Number

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References

Baker, S. "Exceptional Digit Frequencies and Expansions in Non-Integer Bases." 28 Nov 2017. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.10397.Ferguson, H. R. P. "On a Generalization of the Fibonacci Numbers Useful in Memory Allocation Schema or All About the Zeroes of Z^k-Z^(k-1)-1, k>0." Fib. Quart. 14, No. 3, Oct. 1976.Finch, S. R. "Generalized Continued Fraction Constants." §1.2.3 in Mathematical Constants. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9-10, 2003.Pegg, E. Jr. "Shattering the Plane with Twelve New Substitution Tilings Using 2, phi, psi, chi, rho." Mar. 7, 2019. https://blog.wolfram.com/2019/03/07/shattering-the-plane-with-twelve-new-substitution-tilings-using-2-phi-psi-chi-rho/.Sloane, N. J. A. Sequences A092526, A369346, A381124, and A381125 in "The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences."

Cite this as:

Weisstein, Eric W. "Supergolden Ratio." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/SupergoldenRatio.html

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