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Shrikhande Graph


ShrikhandeGraph

The Shrikhande graph is a strongly regular graph on 16 nodes. It is cospectral with the rook graph K_4 square K_4, so neither of the two is determined by spectrum.

The Shrikhande graph is the smallest distance-regular graph that is not distance-transitive (Brouwer et al. 1989, p. 136). It has intersection array {6,3;1,2}.

The Shrikhande graph (denoted Y by Egawa 1981) can be constructed on a set of vertices (i,j) with 1<=i,j<=4 with edges between two vertices (i,j) and (k,l) iff i!=k, j!=l, and i-j≢k-l (mod 4) (Egawa 1981).

The Shrikhande graph is implemented in the Wolfram Language as GraphData["ShrikhandeGraph"].

ShrikhandeLCF

The Shrikhande graph has two generalized LCF notations of order 8, eleven of order 4, 53 of order 2, and 2900 of order 1. The graphs with LCF notations of orders four and eight are illustrated above.

The Shrikhande graph appears on the cover of the book Combinatorial Matrix Theory by Brualdi and Ryser (1991); illustrated above.

ShrikhandeGraphMatrices

The plots above show the adjacency, incidence, and graph distance matrices for the Shrikhande graph.

It is an integral graph with graph spectrum (-2)^92^66^1.

The bipartite double graph of the Shrikhande graph is the Kummer graph.

The Doob graph D(m,n) is the graph given by the graph Cartesian product of m>=1 copies of the Shrikhande graph with a Hamming graph H(n,4). The Egawa graph I(p,s) is constructed as the graph Cartesian product of p copies of the Shrikhande graph and s copies of a Hamming graph (Egawa 1981).

The Shrikhande graph has graph genus 1 and its graph complement has graph genus 5 (E. Weisstein, Jan. 13, 2026).


See also

Cospectral Graphs, Determined by Spectrum, Doob Graph, Integral Graph, Strongly Regular Graph, Triangular Graph

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References

Brouwer, A. E. "Shrikhande Graph." http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/drg/graphs/Shrikhande.html.Brouwer, A. E.; Cohen, A. M.; and Neumaier, A. Distance-Regular Graphs. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 104-105 and 136, 1989.Brouwer, A. E. and van Lint, J. H. "Strongly Regular Graphs and Partial Geometries." In Enumeration and Design: Papers from the conference on combinatorics held at the University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont., June 14-July 2, 1982 (Ed. D. M. Jackson and S. A. Vanstone). Toronto, Canada: Academic Press, pp. 85-122, 1984.Brualdi, R. and Ryser, H. J. Combinatorial Matrix Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 153, 1991.DistanceRegular.org. "Shrikhande Graph." https://www.math.mun.ca/distanceregular/graphs//shrikhande.html.Doob, M. "On Graph Products and Association Schemes." Utilitas Math. 1, 291-302, 1972.Egawa, Y. "Characterization of H(n,q) by the Parameters." J. Combin. Th., Ser. A 31, 108-125, 1981.Shrikhande, S.-C. S. "The Uniqueness of the L_2 Association Scheme." Ann. Math. Stat. 30, 781-798, 1959.van Dam, E. R. and Haemers, W. H. "Which Graphs Are Determined by Their Spectrum?" Lin. Algebra Appl. 373, 139-162, 2003.

Referenced on Wolfram|Alpha

Shrikhande Graph

Cite this as:

Weisstein, Eric W. "Shrikhande Graph." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/ShrikhandeGraph.html

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