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A doubly nonnegative matrix is a real positive semidefinite n×n square matrix with nonnegative entries. Any doubly nonnegative matrix A of order n can be expressed as a Gram ...

The matrix decomposition of a square matrix A into so-called eigenvalues and eigenvectors is an extremely important one. This decomposition generally goes under the name ...

The most general form of Lagrange's group theorem, also known as Lagrange's lemma, states that for a group G, a subgroup H of G, and a subgroup K of H, (G:K)=(G:H)(H:K), ...

A Lyapunov function is a scalar function V(y) defined on a region D that is continuous, positive definite, V(y)>0 for all y!=0), and has continuous first-order partial ...

A permutation group is a finite group G whose elements are permutations of a given set and whose group operation is composition of permutations in G. Permutation groups have ...

A stacked (or generalized) prism graph Y_(m,n) is a simple graph given by the graph Cartesian product Y_(m,n)=C_m square P_n (Gallian 2007) for positive integers m,n with ...

Circumscribe a triangle about a circle, another circle around the triangle, a square outside the circle, another circle outside the square, and so on. The circumradius and ...

Various forms of opening and closing bracket-like delimiters are used for a number of distinct notational purposes in mathematics. The most common variants of bracket ...

A module having dual properties with respect to a free module, as enumerated below. 1. Every free module is projective; every cofree module is injective. 2. For every module ...

A product of ANDs, denoted ^ _(k=1)^nA_k. The conjunctions of a Boolean algebra A of subsets of cardinality p are the 2^p functions A_lambda= union _(i in lambda)A_i, where ...