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An identity is a mathematical relationship equating one quantity to another (which may initially appear to be different).

The identity function id(x) is the function id(x)=x which assigns every real number x to the same real number x. It is identical to the identity map. The identity function is ...

The idiosyncratic polynomial is the bivariate graph polynomial defined as the characteristic polynomial in x of A+y(J-I-A), where A is the adjacency matrix, J is the unit ...

If and only if (i.e., necessary and sufficient). The terms "just if" or "exactly when" are sometimes used instead. A iff B is written symbolically as A<->B, A<=>B, A<->B, or ...

A matrix is ill-conditioned if the condition number is too large (and singular if it is infinite).

Radial line segments whose inward-pointing end produce the illusion of a circle or other figure. The apparent figure has the same color as the background, but appears ...

For an n×n matrix, let S denote any permutation e_1, e_2, ..., e_n of the set of numbers 1, 2, ..., n, and let chi^((lambda))(S) be the character of the symmetric group ...

A special nonsingular map from one manifold to another such that at every point in the domain of the map, the derivative is an injective linear transformation. This is ...

Implicit differentiation is the procedure of differentiating an implicit equation with respect to the desired variable x while treating the other variables as unspecified ...

An improper integral is a definite integral that has either or both limits infinite or an integrand that approaches infinity at one or more points in the range of ...