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Informally, a function f:{0,1}^(l(n))×{0,1}^n->{0,1}^(m(n)) is a trapdoor one-way function if 1. It is a one-way function, and 2. For fixed public key y in {0,1}^(l(n)), ...

There are at least two theorems known as Weierstrass's theorem. The first states that the only hypercomplex number systems with commutative multiplication and addition are ...

A zonal harmonic is a spherical harmonic of the form P_l(costheta), i.e., one which reduces to a Legendre polynomial (Whittaker and Watson 1990, p. 302). These harmonics are ...

A conformal mapping, also called a conformal map, conformal transformation, angle-preserving transformation, or biholomorphic map, is a transformation w=f(z) that preserves ...

Cylindrical coordinates are a generalization of two-dimensional polar coordinates to three dimensions by superposing a height (z) axis. Unfortunately, there are a number of ...

Eigenvalues are a special set of scalars associated with a linear system of equations (i.e., a matrix equation) that are sometimes also known as characteristic roots, ...

Eigenvectors are a special set of vectors associated with a linear system of equations (i.e., a matrix equation) that are sometimes also known as characteristic vectors, ...

The biconjugate gradient method often displays rather irregular convergence behavior. Moreover, the implicit LU decomposition of the reduced tridiagonal system may not exist, ...

Given a reference triangle DeltaABC, the trilinear coordinates of a point P with respect to DeltaABC are an ordered triple of numbers, each of which is proportional to the ...

The truncated pentakis dodecahedral graph, illustrated above in a pair of embeddings, is the skeleton of the truncated pentakis dodecahedron. It has 180 vertices, 270 edges, ...