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A proof which indirectly shows a mathematical object exists without providing a specific example or algorithm for producing an example. Nonconstructive proofs are also called ...

Let u_(p) be a unit tangent vector of a regular surface M subset R^3. Then the normal curvature of M in the direction u_(p) is kappa(u_(p))=S(u_(p))·u_(p), (1) where S is the ...

The ratio X/Y of independent normally distributed variates with zero mean is distributed with a Cauchy distribution. This can be seen as follows. Let X and Y both have mean 0 ...

According to many authors (e.g., Kelley 1955, p. 112; Joshi 1983, p. 162; Willard 1970, p. 99) a normal space is a topological space in which for any two disjoint closed sets ...

Amazingly, the distribution of a sum of two normally distributed independent variates X and Y with means and variances (mu_x,sigma_x^2) and (mu_y,sigma_y^2), respectively is ...

Suppose that A and B are two normed (Banach) algebras. A vector space X is called an A-B-bimodule whenever it is simultaneously a normed (Banach) left A-module, a normed ...

A notation is a set of well-defined rules for representing quantities and operations with symbols.

A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually that observations are the result of chance). ...

There are several meanings of "null vector" in mathematics. 1. The most common meaning of null vector is the n-dimensional vector 0 of length 0. i.e., the vector with n ...

Numerical differentiation is the process of finding the numerical value of a derivative of a given function at a given point. In general, numerical differentiation is more ...