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The norm of a mathematical object is a quantity that in some (possibly abstract) sense describes the length, size, or extent of the object. Norms exist for complex numbers ...

The polar sine is a function of a vertex angle of an n-dimensional parallelotope or simplex. If the content of the parallelotope is P and the lengths of the n edges of the ...

A quadratic form involving n real variables x_1, x_2, ..., x_n associated with the n×n matrix A=a_(ij) is given by Q(x_1,x_2,...,x_n)=a_(ij)x_ix_j, (1) where Einstein ...

The field of all rational and irrational numbers is called the real numbers, or simply the "reals," and denoted R. The set of real numbers is also called the continuum, ...

A sequent is an expression Gamma|-Lambda, where Gamma and Lambda are (possibly empty) sequences of formulas. Here, Gamma is called the antecedent and Lambda is called the ...

Christoffel symbols of the second kind are the second type of tensor-like object derived from a Riemannian metric g which is used to study the geometry of the metric. ...

According to Euler's rotation theorem, any rotation may be described using three angles. If the rotations are written in terms of rotation matrices D, C, and B, then a ...

Kepler's equation gives the relation between the polar coordinates of a celestial body (such as a planet) and the time elapsed from a given initial point. Kepler's equation ...

The Mathieu functions are the solutions to the Mathieu differential equation (d^2V)/(dv^2)+[a-2qcos(2v)]V=0. (1) Even solutions are denoted C(a,q,v) and odd solutions by ...

The word "rigid" has two different meaning when applied to a graph. Firstly, a rigid graph may refer to a graph having a graph automorphism group containing a single element. ...