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The dot product can be defined for two vectors X and Y by X·Y=|X||Y|costheta, (1) where theta is the angle between the vectors and |X| is the norm. It follows immediately ...

A simple way to describe a knot projection. The advantage of this notation is that it enables a knot diagram to be drawn quickly. For an oriented alternating knot with n ...

The base-12 number system composed of the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B. Such a system has been advocated by no less than Herbert Spencer, John Quincy Adams, and ...

Let Delta denote an integral convex polytope of dimension n in a lattice M, and let l_Delta(k) denote the number of lattice points in Delta dilated by a factor of the integer ...

An embedding is a representation of a topological object, manifold, graph, field, etc. in a certain space in such a way that its connectivity or algebraic properties are ...

In physics, the word entropy has important physical implications as the amount of "disorder" of a system. In mathematics, a more abstract definition is used. The (Shannon) ...

An Eulerian cycle, also called an Eulerian circuit, Euler circuit, Eulerian tour, or Euler tour, is a trail which starts and ends at the same graph vertex. In other words, it ...

Given a Poisson distribution with rate of change lambda, the distribution of waiting times between successive changes (with k=0) is D(x) = P(X<=x) (1) = 1-P(X>x) (2) = ...

A factor is a portion of a quantity, usually an integer or polynomial that, when multiplied by other factors, gives the entire quantity. The determination of factors is ...

The factorial n! is defined for a positive integer n as n!=n(n-1)...2·1. (1) So, for example, 4!=4·3·2·1=24. An older notation for the factorial was written (Mellin 1909; ...