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The cube is the Platonic solid composed of six square faces that meet each other at right angles and has eight vertices and 12 edges. It is also the uniform polyhedron with ...

Let a closed surface have genus g. Then the polyhedral formula generalizes to the Poincaré formula chi(g)=V-E+F, (1) where chi(g)=2-2g (2) is the Euler characteristic, ...

Four-dimensional geometry is Euclidean geometry extended into one additional dimension. The prefix "hyper-" is usually used to refer to the four- (and higher-) dimensional ...

There are a number of slightly different definitions of the Fresnel integrals. In physics, the Fresnel integrals denoted C(u) and S(u) are most often defined by C(u)+iS(u) = ...

The Gauss map is a function N from an oriented surface M in Euclidean space R^3 to the unit sphere in R^3. It associates to every point on the surface its oriented unit ...

The Gudermannian function is the odd function denoted either gamma(x) or gd(x) which arises in the inverse equations for the Mercator projection. phi(y)=gd(y) expresses the ...

Any real function u(x,y) with continuous second partial derivatives which satisfies Laplace's equation, del ^2u(x,y)=0, (1) is called a harmonic function. Harmonic functions ...

A minimal surface and double algebraic surface of 15th order and fifth class which can be given by parametric equations x(u,v) = 2sinhucosv-2/3sinh(3u)cos(3v) (1) y(u,v) = ...

One of the three standard tori given by the parametric equations x = a(1+cosv)cosu (1) y = a(1+cosv)sinu (2) z = asinv, (3) corresponding to the torus with a=c. It has ...

A mathematical statement that one quantity is greater than or less than another. "a is less than b" is denoted a<b, and "a is greater than b" is denoted a>b. "a is less than ...