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1 and -1 are the only integers which divide every integer. They are therefore called the prime units.

Given algebraic numbers a_1, ..., a_n it is always possible to find a single algebraic number b such that each of a_1, ..., a_n can be expressed as a polynomial in b with ...

An ideal I of a ring R is called principal if there is an element a of R such that I=aR={ar:r in R}. In other words, the ideal is generated by the element a. For example, the ...

Let alpha be a nonzero rational number alpha=+/-p_1^(alpha_1)p_2^(alpha_2)...p_L^(alpha_L), where p_1, ..., p_L are distinct primes, alpha_l in Z and alpha_l!=0. Then ...

The projective general linear group PGL_n(q) is the group obtained from the general linear group GL_n(q) on factoring by the scalar matrices contained in that group.

The projective general orthogonal group PGO_n(q) is the group obtained from the general orthogonal group GO_n(q) on factoring the scalar matrices contained in that group.

The projective general unitary group PGU_n(q) is the group obtained from the general unitary group GU_n(q) on factoring the scalar matrices contained in that group.

The projective symplectic group PSp_n(q) is the group obtained from the symplectic group Sp_n(q) on factoring by the scalar matrices contained in that group. PSp_(2m)(q) is ...

A proper factor of a positive integer n is a factor of n other than 1 or n (Derbyshire 2004, p. 32). For example, 2 and 3 are positive proper factors of 6, but 1 and 6 are ...

A proper fraction is a fraction p/q with p,q>0 such that p/q<1. A fraction p/q>1 is called an improper fraction.