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Let K be a number field, then each fractional ideal I of K belongs to an equivalence class [I] consisting of all fractional ideals J satisfying I=alphaJ for some nonzero ...

Clausen's _4F_3 identity _4F_3(a,b,c,d; e,f,g;1)=((2a)_(|d|)(a+b)_(|d|)(2b)_(|d|))/((2a+2b)_(|d|)a_(|d|)b_(|d|)), (1) holds for a+b+c-d=1/2, e=a+b+1/2, a+f=d+1=b+g, where d a ...

Consider a combination lock consisting of n buttons that can be pressed in any combination (including multiple buttons at once), but in such a way that each number is pressed ...

The commutator subgroup (also called a derived group) of a group G is the subgroup generated by the commutators of its elements, and is commonly denoted G^' or [G,G]. It is ...

Let z=x+iy and f(z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y) on some region G containing the point z_0. If f(z) satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations and has continuous first partial derivatives in ...

The modulus of a complex number z, also called the complex norm, is denoted |z| and defined by |x+iy|=sqrt(x^2+y^2). (1) If z is expressed as a complex exponential (i.e., a ...

A number which can be computed to any number of digits desired by a Turing machine. Surprisingly, most irrationals are not computable numbers!

A function, or the symbol representing a function, which corresponds to English conjunctions such as "and," "or," "not," etc. that takes one or more truth values as input and ...

A number which can be represented by a finite number of additions, subtractions, multiplications, divisions, and finite square root extractions of integers. Such numbers ...

The convexity coefficient chi(D) of a region D is the probability that the line segment connecting two random points in D is contained entirely within D. For a convex region, ...