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The Legendre polynomials, sometimes called Legendre functions of the first kind, Legendre coefficients, or zonal harmonics (Whittaker and Watson 1990, p. 302), are solutions ...

Geometry which depends only on the first four of Euclid's postulates and not on the parallel postulate. Euclid himself used only the first four postulates for the first 28 ...

A theorem stated in 1882 which cannot be derived from Euclid's postulates. Given points a, b, c, and d on a line, if it is known that the points are ordered as (a,b,c) and ...

An ordered finite configuration with certain pairs of points, called cables, which are constrained not to get further apart and certain other pairs of points, called struts, ...

A trail is a walk v_0, e_1, v_1, ..., v_k with no repeated edge. The length of a trail is its number of edges. A u,v-trail is a trail with first vertex u and last vertex v, ...

An exchange of two elements of an ordered list with all others staying the same. A transposition is therefore a permutation of two elements. For example, the swapping of 2 ...

A merge sort (or collation sort) is the combination of two or more ordered lists into a single ordered list (Knuth 1998, p. 158). Merge sorting was one of the first methods ...

An n×n Latin square is a Latin rectangle with k=n. Specifically, a Latin square consists of n sets of the numbers 1 to n arranged in such a way that no orthogonal (row or ...

A finite simple group of Lie-type. The following table summarizes the types of twisted Chevalley groups and their respective orders. In the table, q denotes a prime power and ...

The smallest positive composite number and the first even perfect square. Four is the smallest even number appearing in a Pythagorean triple: 3, 4, 5. In the numerology of ...