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The complex structure of a point x=x_1,x_2 in the plane is defined by the linear map J:R^2->R^2 J(x_1,x_2)=(-x_2,x_1), (1) and corresponds to a counterclockwise rotation by ...

The conjugate gradient method is an algorithm for finding the nearest local minimum of a function of n variables which presupposes that the gradient of the function can be ...

The following conditions are equivalent for a conservative vector field on a particular domain D: 1. For any oriented simple closed curve C, the line integral ∮_CF·ds=0. 2. ...

A convex polyhedron can be defined algebraically as the set of solutions to a system of linear inequalities mx<=b, where m is a real s×3 matrix and b is a real s-vector. ...

A plot in the complex plane of the points B(t)=S(t)+iC(t), (1) where S(t) and C(t) are the Fresnel integrals (von Seggern 2007, p. 210; Gray 1997, p. 65). The Cornu spiral is ...

A special case of Stokes' theorem in which F is a vector field and M is an oriented, compact embedded 2-manifold with boundary in R^3, and a generalization of Green's theorem ...

A useful determinant identity allows the following determinant to be expressed using vector operations, |x_1 y_1 z_1 1; x_2 y_2 z_2 1; x_3 y_3 z_3 1; x_4 y_4 z_4 ...

Direct sums are defined for a number of different sorts of mathematical objects, including subspaces, matrices, modules, and groups. The matrix direct sum is defined by ...

Let a be the angle between v and x, b the angle between v and y, and c the angle between v and z. Then the direction cosines are equivalent to the (x,y,z) coordinates of a ...

The divergence theorem, more commonly known especially in older literature as Gauss's theorem (e.g., Arfken 1985) and also known as the Gauss-Ostrogradsky theorem, is a ...