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The Euclidean metric is the function d:R^n×R^n->R that assigns to any two vectors in Euclidean n-space x=(x_1,...,x_n) and y=(y_1,...,y_n) the number ...

Let X_1 and X_2 be the number of successes in variates taken from two populations. Define p^^_1 = (x_1)/(n_1) (1) p^^_2 = (x_2)/(n_2). (2) The estimator of the difference is ...

Given two distributions Y and X with joint probability density function f(x,y), let U=Y/X be the ratio distribution. Then the distribution function of u is D(u) = P(U<=u) (1) ...

Let there be x successes out of n Bernoulli trials. The sample proportion is the fraction of samples which were successes, so p^^=x/n. (1) For large n, p^^ has an ...

A formula of first-order logic is said to be in Skolemized form (sometimes also called Skolem standard form or universal form) if it is of the form forall x_1... forall x_nM, ...

Find the tunnel between two points A and B on a gravitating sphere which gives the shortest transit time under the force of gravity. Assume the sphere to be nonrotating, of ...

Let H=l^2, (alpha_n) be a bounded sequence of complex numbers, and (xi_n) be the (usual) standard orthonormal basis of H, that is, (xi_n)(m)=delta_(nm), n,m in N, where ...

The circle map is a one-dimensional map which maps a circle onto itself theta_(n+1)=theta_n+Omega-K/(2pi)sin(2pitheta_n), (1) where theta_(n+1) is computed mod 1 and K is a ...

In the IEEE 754-2008 standard (referred to as IEEE 754 henceforth), a floating-point representation is an unencoded member of a floating-point format which represents either ...

One of the three standard tori given by the parametric equations x = a(1+cosv)cosu (1) y = a(1+cosv)sinu (2) z = asinv, (3) corresponding to the torus with a=c. It has ...