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Let M be a regular surface with v_(p),w_(p) points in the tangent space M_(p) of M. Then the first fundamental form is the inner product of tangent vectors, ...

The interior product is a dual notion of the wedge product in an exterior algebra LambdaV, where V is a vector space. Given an orthonormal basis {e_i} of V, the forms ...

Some elements of a group G acting on a space X may fix a point x. These group elements form a subgroup called the isotropy group, defined by G_x={g in G:gx=x}. For example, ...

The Lebesgue integral is defined in terms of upper and lower bounds using the Lebesgue measure of a set. It uses a Lebesgue sum S_n=sum_(i)eta_imu(E_i) where eta_i is the ...

The term "loop" has a number of meanings in mathematics. Most simply, a loop is a closed curve whose initial and final points coincide in a fixed point p known as the ...

A nonzero vector v=(v_0,v_1,...,v_(n-1)) in n-dimensional Lorentzian space R^(1,n-1) is said to be negative timelike if it has imaginary (Lorentzian) norm and if its first ...

There are several meanings of "null vector" in mathematics. 1. The most common meaning of null vector is the n-dimensional vector 0 of length 0. i.e., the vector with n ...

A phase curve is a plot of the solution to a set of equations of motion in a phase plane (or more generally, a phase space) as a function of time (Tabor 1989, p. 14). Phase ...

A nonzero vector v=(v_0,v_1,...,v_(n-1)) in n-dimensional Lorentzian space R^(1,n-1) is said to be positive timelike if it has imaginary (Lorentzian) norm and if its first ...

Given an event E in a sample space S which is either finite with N elements or countably infinite with N=infty elements, then we can write S=( union _(i=1)^NE_i), and a ...