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A genetic algorithm is a class of adaptive stochastic optimization algorithms involving search and optimization. Genetic algorithms were first used by Holland (1975). The ...

The Hilbert curve is a Lindenmayer system invented by Hilbert (1891) whose limit is a plane-filling function which fills a square. Traversing the polyhedron vertices of an ...

Consider the Euler product zeta(s)=product_(k=1)^infty1/(1-1/(p_k^s)), (1) where zeta(s) is the Riemann zeta function and p_k is the kth prime. zeta(1)=infty, but taking the ...

A sequence s_n(x) is called a Sheffer sequence iff its generating function has the form sum_(k=0)^infty(s_k(x))/(k!)t^k=A(t)e^(xB(t)), (1) where A(t) = A_0+A_1t+A_2t^2+... ...

For an integer n>=2, let lpf(n) denote the least prime factor of n. A pair of integers (x,y) is called a twin peak if 1. x<y, 2. lpf(x)=lpf(y), 3. For all z, x<z<y implies ...

The twin primes constant Pi_2 (sometimes also denoted C_2) is defined by Pi_2 = product_(p>2; p prime)[1-1/((p-1)^2)] (1) = product_(p>2; p prime)(p(p-2))/((p-1)^2) (2) = ...

An abstract manifold is a manifold in the context of an abstract space with no particular embedding, or representation in mind. It is a topological space with an atlas of ...

A pair of positive integers (a_1,a_2) such that the equations a_1+a_2x=sigma(a_1)=sigma(a_2)(x+1) (1) have a positive integer solution x, where sigma(n) is the divisor ...

The canonical bundle is a holomorphic line bundle on a complex manifold which is determined by its complex structure. On a coordinate chart (z_1,...z_n), it is spanned by the ...

The parametric equations for a catenary are x = t (1) y = acosh(t/a), (2) giving the evolute as x = t-a/2sinh((2t)/a) (3) y = 2acosh(t/(2a)). (4) For t>0, the evolute has arc ...