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Two submanifolds X and Y in an ambient space M intersect transversally if, for all p in X intersection Y, TX_p+TY_p={v+w:v in TX_p,w in TY_p}=TM_p, where the addition is in ...

Vassiliev invariants, discovered around 1989, provided a radically new way of looking at knots. The notion of finite type (a.k.a. Vassiliev) knot invariants was independently ...

The second solution Q_l(x) to the Legendre differential equation. The Legendre functions of the second kind satisfy the same recurrence relation as the Legendre polynomials. ...

Milnor (1956) found more than one smooth structure on the seven-dimensional hypersphere. Generalizations have subsequently been found in other dimensions. Using surgery ...

The value for zeta(2)=sum_(k=1)^infty1/(k^2) (1) can be found using a number of different techniques (Apostol 1983, Choe 1987, Giesy 1972, Holme 1970, Kimble 1987, Knopp and ...

A differential ideal I on a manifold M is an ideal in the exterior algebra of differential k-forms on M which is also closed under the exterior derivative d. That is, for any ...

The symbol × used to denote multiplication, i.e., a×b denotes a times b. The symbol × is also used to denote a group direct product, a Cartesian product, or a direct product ...

A pullback is a general categorical operation appearing in a number of mathematical contexts, sometimes going under a different name. If T:V->W is a linear transformation ...

A submersion is a smooth map f:M->N when dimM>=dimN, given that the differential, or Jacobian, is surjective at every x in M. The basic example of a submersion is the ...

A smooth two-dimensional surface given by embedding the projective plane into projective 5-space by the homogeneous parametric equations v(x,y,z)=(x^2,y^2,z^2,xy,xz,yz). The ...