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If a function phi is harmonic in a sphere, then the value of phi at the center of the sphere is the arithmetic mean of its value on the surface.

A game in which the possible moves are the same for each player in any position. All positions in all impartial games form an additive Abelian group. For impartial games in ...

The minimal residue of a (mod m) is the value b or b-m, whichever is smaller in absolute value, where a=b (mod m). If m=2b (so that b=|b-m|), then the minimal residue is ...

An impartial game in which the last player wins. In normal-form games, the nim-value of the sum of two games is the nim-sum of their nim-values.

A partial differential equation of second-order, i.e., one of the form Au_(xx)+2Bu_(xy)+Cu_(yy)+Du_x+Eu_y+F=0, (1) is called parabolic if the matrix Z=[A B; B C] (2) ...

Let the true value of a quantity be x and the measured or inferred value x_0. Then the relative error is defined by deltax=(Deltax)/x=(x_0-x)/x=(x_0)/x-1, where Deltax is the ...

Algebra

An interpretation of first-order logic consists of a non-empty domain D and mappings for function and predicate symbols. Every n-place function symbol is mapped to a function ...

An affine variety V is an algebraic variety contained in affine space. For example, {(x,y,z):x^2+y^2-z^2=0} (1) is the cone, and {(x,y,z):x^2+y^2-z^2=0,ax+by+cz=0} (2) is a ...

The set of roots of a polynomial f(x,y,z)=0. An algebraic surface is said to be of degree n=max(i+j+k), where n is the maximum sum of powers of all terms ...