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Chvátal defines the term hole to mean "a chordless cycle of length at least four." The restriction "of length at least four" allows use of the term "hole" regardless of if ...

A multiway system is a kind of substitution system in which multiple states are permitted at any stage. This accommodates rule systems in which there is more than one ...

The 24-cell is a finite regular four-dimensional polytope with Schläfli symbol {3,4,3}. It is also known as the hyperdiamond or icositetrachoron, and is composed of 24 ...

LCF notation is a concise and convenient notation devised by Joshua Lederberg (winner of the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine) for the representation of cubic ...

A riffle shuffle, also called the Faro shuffle, is a shuffle in which a deck of 2n cards is divided into two halves. The top half of the deck is placed in the left hand, and ...

An unfolding is the cutting along edges and flattening out of a polyhedron to form a net. Determining how to unfold a polyhedron into a net is tricky. For example, cuts ...

Pick three points P=(x_1,y_1), Q=(x_2,y_2), and R=(x_3,y_3) distributed independently and uniformly in a unit disk K (i.e., in the interior of the unit circle). Then the ...

Smale's problems are a list of 18 challenging problems for the twenty-first century proposed by Field medalist Steven Smale. These problems were inspired in part by Hilbert's ...

An equichordal point is a point p for which all the chords of a curve C passing through p are of the same length. In other words, p is an equichordal point if, for every ...

Let a_1=1 and define a_(n+1) to be the least integer greater than a_n which cannot be written as the sum of at most h>=2 addends among the terms a_1, a_2, ..., a_n. This ...