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Cluster analysis is a technique used for classification of data in which data elements are partitioned into groups called clusters that represent collections of data elements ...

Determining the length of a country's coastline is not as simple as it first appears, as first considered by L. F. Richardson (1881-1953) and sometimes known as the ...

The companion matrix to a monic polynomial a(x)=a_0+a_1x+...+a_(n-1)x^(n-1)+x^n (1) is the n×n square matrix A=[0 0 ... 0 -a_0; 1 0 ... 0 -a_1; 0 1 ... 0 -a_2; | | ... ... |; ...

A completely multiplicative function, sometimes known as linear or totally multiplicative function, is an arithmetic function f(n) such that f(mn)=f(m)f(n) holds for each ...

The complex structure of a point x=x_1,x_2 in the plane is defined by the linear map J:R^2->R^2 J(x_1,x_2)=(-x_2,x_1), (1) and corresponds to a counterclockwise rotation by ...

Any computable function can be incorporated into a program using while-loops (i.e., "while something is true, do something else"). For-loops (which have a fixed iteration ...

A conical wedge is an ungula obtained by cutting a solid cone with a plane placed at an angle oblique to its base. For the special conical wedge obtained from a cone of ...

A topological space decomposes into its connected components. The connectedness relation between two pairs of points satisfies transitivity, i.e., if a∼b and b∼c then a∼c. ...

A planar polygon is convex if it contains all the line segments connecting any pair of its points. Thus, for example, a regular pentagon is convex (left figure), while an ...

The covariant derivative of a contravariant tensor A^a (also called the "semicolon derivative" since its symbol is a semicolon) is given by A^a_(;b) = ...