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If p is a prime number and a is a natural number, then a^p=a (mod p). (1) Furthermore, if pa (p does not divide a), then there exists some smallest exponent d such that ...

There are many mathematical and recreational problems related to folding. Origami, the Japanese art of paper folding, is one well-known example. It is possible to make a ...

Let f be a fractional coloring of a graph G. Then the sum of values of f is called its weight, and the minimum possible weight of a fractional coloring is called the ...

A fullerene is a cubic polyhedral graph having all faces 5- or 6-cycles. Examples include the 20-vertex dodecahedral graph, 24-vertex generalized Petersen graph GP(12,2), ...

Count the number of lattice points N(r) inside the boundary of a circle of radius r with center at the origin. The exact solution is given by the sum N(r) = ...

The smallest possible number of vertices a polyhedral nonhamiltonian graph can have is 11, and there exist 74 such graphs. The Goldner-Harary graph (Goldner and Harary 1975a, ...

An n-mark Golomb ruler is a set of n distinct nonnegative integers (a_1,a_2,...,a_n), called "marks," such that the positive differences |a_i-a_j|, computed over all possible ...

A graceful graph is a graph that can be gracefully labeled. Special cases of graceful graphs include the utility graph K_(2,3) (Gardner 1983) and Petersen graph. A graph that ...

The genus gamma(G) of a graph G is the minimum number of handles that must be added to the plane to embed the graph without any crossings. A graph with genus 0 is embeddable ...

The greatest common divisor, sometimes also called the highest common divisor (Hardy and Wright 1979, p. 20), of two positive integers a and b is the largest divisor common ...