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A submodule L of a module M such that for any other nonzero submodule K of M, the intersection L intersection K is not the zero module. L is also called an essential ...

A quadratic polynomial is a polynomial of degree 2. A univariate quadratic polynomial has the form f(x)=a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0. An equation involving a quadratic polynomial is ...

The half-altitude triangle DeltaA^'B^'C^' of a reference triangle DeltaABC is defined by letting A^' be the midpoint between vertex A and the foot of the A-altitude on side ...

The inner Napoleon triangle is the triangle DeltaN_AN_BN_C formed by the centers of internally erected equilateral triangles DeltaABE_C, DeltaACE_B, and DeltaBCE_A on the ...

A metric space X is isometric to a metric space Y if there is a bijection f between X and Y that preserves distances. That is, d(a,b)=d(f(a),f(b)). In the context of ...

Two figures are said to be similar when all corresponding angles are equal and all distances are increased (or decreased) in the same ratio, called the ratio of magnification ...

Given three mutually tangent circles, there exist exactly two nonintersecting circles which are tangent circles to all three original circles. These are called the inner and ...

A Goldbach number is a positive integer that is the sum of two odd primes (Li 1999). Let E(x) (the "exceptional set of Goldbach numbers") denote the number of even numbers ...

Special affine curvature, also called as the equi-affine or affine curvature, is a type of curvature for a plane curve that remains unchanged under a special affine ...

Two geometric figures are said to be concentric if their centers coincide. The region between two concentric circles is called an annulus. The following table summarizes some ...