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Given a positive integer m>1, let its prime factorization be written m=p_1^(a_1)p_2^(a_2)p_3^(a_3)...p_k^(a_k). (1) Define the functions h(n) and H(n) by h(1)=1, H(1)=1, and ...

A complete set of mutually conjugate group elements. Each element in a group belongs to exactly one class, and the identity element (I=1) is always in its own class. The ...

The Riemann zeta function is an extremely important special function of mathematics and physics that arises in definite integration and is intimately related with very deep ...

A simple group is a group whose only normal subgroups are the trivial subgroup of order one and the improper subgroup consisting of the entire original group. Simple groups ...

According to the novel The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (Adams 1997), 42 is the ultimate answer to life, the universe, and everything. Unfortunately, it is left as an ...

Let P be the set of prime ideals of a commutative ring A. Then an affine scheme is a technical mathematical object defined as the ring spectrum sigma(A) of P, regarded as a ...

Gauss stated the reciprocity theorem for the case n=4 x^4=q (mod p) (1) can be solved using the Gaussian integers as ...

If n=1,2 (mod 4), and the squarefree part of n is divisible by a prime p=3 (mod 4), then no difference set of order n exists. Equivalently, if a projective plane of order n ...

Let r and s be positive integers which are relatively prime and let a and b be any two integers. Then there is an integer N such that N=a (mod r) (1) and N=b (mod s). (2) ...

Given a set P of primes, a field K is called a class field if it is a maximal normal extension of the rationals which splits all of the primes in P, and if P is the maximal ...