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A Lie algebra is a vector space g with a Lie bracket [X,Y], satisfying the Jacobi identity. Hence any element X gives a linear transformation given by ad(X)(Y)=[X,Y], (1) ...

The differential equation obtained by applying the biharmonic operator and setting to zero: del ^4phi=0. (1) In Cartesian coordinates, the biharmonic equation is del ^4phi = ...

Bipolar coordinates are a two-dimensional system of coordinates. There are two commonly defined types of bipolar coordinates, the first of which is defined by x = ...

A set of curvilinear coordinates defined by x = (asinhv)/(coshv-cosu) (1) y = (asinu)/(coshv-cosu) (2) z = z, (3) where u in [0,2pi), v in (-infty,infty), and z in ...

A partial differential diffusion equation of the form (partialU)/(partialt)=kappadel ^2U. (1) Physically, the equation commonly arises in situations where kappa is the ...

In two-dimensional polar coordinates, the Helmholtz differential equation is 1/rpartial/(partialr)(r(partialF)/(partialr))+1/(r^2)(partial^2F)/(partialtheta^2)+k^2F=0. (1) ...

The Killing form is an inner product on a finite dimensional Lie algebra g defined by B(X,Y)=Tr(ad(X)ad(Y)) (1) in the adjoint representation, where ad(X) is the adjoint ...

An n×m matrix A^- is a 1-inverse of an m×n matrix A for which AA^-A=A. (1) The Moore-Penrose matrix inverse is a particular type of 1-inverse. A matrix equation Ax=b (2) has ...

There are several meanings of "null vector" in mathematics. 1. The most common meaning of null vector is the n-dimensional vector 0 of length 0. i.e., the vector with n ...

Let the two-dimensional cylinder function be defined by f(x,y)={1 for r<R; 0 for r>R. (1) Then the Radon transform is given by ...