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An irrational number is a number that cannot be expressed as a fraction p/q for any integers p and q. Irrational numbers have decimal expansions that neither terminate nor ...

The absolute value of a real number x is denoted |x| and defined as the "unsigned" portion of x, |x| = xsgn(x) (1) = {-x for x<=0; x for x>=0, (2) where sgn(x) is the sign ...

The most general forced form of the Duffing equation is x^..+deltax^.+(betax^3+/-omega_0^2x)=gammacos(omegat+phi). (1) Depending on the parameters chosen, the equation can ...

There are at least two results known as "the area principle." The geometric area principle states that (|A_1P|)/(|A_2P|)=(|A_1BC|)/(|A_2BC|). (1) This can also be written in ...

If a plane cuts the sides AB, BC, CD, and DA of a skew quadrilateral ABCD in points P, Q, R, and S, then (AP)/(PB)·(BQ)/(QC)·(CR)/(RD)·(DS)/(SA)=1 both in magnitude and sign ...

Given any triangle ABC, the signed sum of perpendicular distances from the circumcenter O to the sides (i.e., signed lengths of the pedal lines from O) is OO_A+OO_B+OO_C=R+r, ...

Suppose f(x) is continuous at a stationary point x_0. 1. If f^'(x)>0 on an open interval extending left from x_0 and f^'(x)<0 on an open interval extending right from x_0, ...

A folding function is a function that maps the integers Z={...,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,...} onto the nonnegative integers Z^*={0,1,2,3,...}. This type of function arises naturally ...

A set of generators (g_1,...,g_n) is a set of group elements such that possibly repeated application of the generators on themselves and each other is capable of producing ...

When two cycles have a transversal intersection X_1 intersection X_2=Y on a smooth manifold M, then Y is a cycle. Moreover, the homology class that Y represents depends only ...