Absolute Value

The absolute value of a real number is denoted and defined as the "unsigned" portion of ,

			(1)
			(2)

where is the sign function. The absolute value is therefore always greater than or equal to 0. The absolute value of for real is plotted above.

The absolute value of a complex number , also called the complex modulus, is defined as

(3)

This form is implemented in the Wolfram Language as Abs[z] and is illustrated above for complex .

Note that the derivative (read: complex derivative) does not exist because at every point in the complex plane, the value of the derivative of depends on the direction in which the derivative is taken (so the Cauchy-Riemann equations cannot and do not hold). However, the real derivative (i.e., restricting the derivative to directions along the real axis) can be defined for points other than as

(4)

As a result of the fact that computer algebra languages such as the Wolfram Language generically deal with complex variables (i.e., the definition of derivative always means complex derivative), correctly returns unevaluated by such software.

Note that the notation is commonly used to denote the complex modulus, p-adic norm, or general valuation. In this work, the norm of a vector is also denoted , although the notation is also in common use.

The notations for the floor function , nearest integer function , and ceiling function are similar to that used for the absolute value.

The unit square integral of the absolute value of the difference of two variables taken to the power is given by

(5)

for , which has values for , 1, ... of 1, 1/3, 1/6, 1/10, 1/15, 1/21, ..., i.e., one over the triangular numbers (OEIS A000217), for , 2, .... This sort of integral arises in the study of the Casimir effect (Milton and Ng 1998, eqn. 3.15; Milton 1999, p. 32, eqn. 3.33).

Similarly, for ,

(6)

where the quotient at is interpreted by continuity as . This gives the first few values for , 1, ... of 1, 1, 7/6, 3/2, 31/15, 3, ... (OEIS A116419 and A116420).