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A pair of elements (p_i,p_j) is called an inversion in a permutation p if i>j and p_i<p_j (Skiena 1990, p. 27; Pemmaraju and Skiena 2003, p. 69). For example, in the ...

Linear algebra is the study of linear sets of equations and their transformation properties. Linear algebra allows the analysis of rotations in space, least squares fitting, ...

For a Galois extension field K of a field F, the fundamental theorem of Galois theory states that the subgroups of the Galois group G=Gal(K/F) correspond with the subfields ...

The Grassmannian Gr(n,k) is the set of k-dimensional subspaces in an n-dimensional vector space. For example, the set of lines Gr(n+1,1) is projective space. The real ...

On a Riemannian manifold M, tangent vectors can be moved along a path by parallel transport, which preserves vector addition and scalar multiplication. So a closed loop at a ...

A Lie algebra is a vector space g with a Lie bracket [X,Y], satisfying the Jacobi identity. Hence any element X gives a linear transformation given by ad(X)(Y)=[X,Y], (1) ...

The anticomplement of a point P in a reference triangle DeltaABC is a point P^' satisfying the vector equation P^'G^->=2GP^->, (1) where G is the triangle centroid of ...

A square matrix A is antihermitian if it satisfies A^(H)=-A, (1) where A^(H) is the adjoint. For example, the matrix [i 1+i 2i; -1+i 5i 3; 2i -3 0] (2) is an antihermitian ...

Given a group G, the algebra CG is a vector space CG={suma_ig_i|a_i in C,g_i in G} of finite sums of elements of G, with multiplication defined by g·h=gh, the group ...

A calibration form on a Riemannian manifold M is a differential p-form phi such that 1. phi is a closed form. 2. The comass of phi, sup_(v in ^ ^pTM, |v|=1)|phi(v)| (1) ...