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A general quintic equation a_5x^5+a_4x^4+a_3x^3+a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0=0 (1) can be reduced to one of the form y^5+b_2y^2+b_1y+b_0=0, (2) called the principal quintic form. Vieta's ...

The study of angles and of the angular relationships of planar and three-dimensional figures is known as trigonometry. The trigonometric functions (also called the circular ...

Clausen's integral, sometimes called the log sine integral (Borwein and Bailey 2003, p. 88) is the n=2 case of the S_2 Clausen function Cl_2(theta) = ...

A fixed point is a point that does not change upon application of a map, system of differential equations, etc. In particular, a fixed point of a function f(x) is a point x_0 ...

Kepler's equation gives the relation between the polar coordinates of a celestial body (such as a planet) and the time elapsed from a given initial point. Kepler's equation ...

A square root of x is a number r such that r^2=x. When written in the form x^(1/2) or especially sqrt(x), the square root of x may also be called the radical or surd. The ...

Given two normal subgroups G_1 and G_2 of a group, and two normal subgroups H_1 and H_2 of G_1 and G_2 respectively, H_1(G_1 intersection H_2) is normal in H_1(G_1 ...

Given a number z, the cube root of z, denoted RadicalBox[z, 3] or z^(1/3) (z to the 1/3 power), is a number a such that a^3=z. The cube root is therefore an nth root with ...

An important result in valuation theory which gives information on finding roots of polynomials. Hensel's lemma is formally stated as follows. Let (K,|·|) be a complete ...

An interior point method is a linear or nonlinear programming method (Forsgren et al. 2002) that achieves optimization by going through the middle of the solid defined by the ...